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Ivan IV the terrible
(1530-84), Grand Duke of Moscow and "all Russia" from 1533, first Russian Tsar from 1547, from the Rurik dynasty. Son of Vasily III and E. I. Glinskaya. In the late 40s and 50s of the 16th century, he ruled the state with the help of advisers (the so-called Elected Rada). Abolished feeding, completed labial, held Zemstvo and other reforms; convened the 1st Zemsky Sobor, supervised the drafting of the 1550 sudebnik. Under him, an ordered system of Central management was formed. Having established the oprichnina (1565-72), he introduced a regime of severe terror, ravaged Novgorod and other lands. In 1581, he temporarily banned the transfer of peasants to new owners on St. George's day. He conquered the Kazan khanate (1552), annexed the Astrakhan khanate (1556), and other lands of the Volga and Ural regions. With varying degrees of success, fought with the Crimean khanate. In the Livonian war of 1558— 1583 for the capture of the Baltic States failed. He began the annexation of Siberia (around 1581). He maintained political and trade relations with many European countries
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